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This study investigates the effectiveness of vocational training programs in reducing recidivism among inmates in three Malaysian prisons: Sungai Udang, Kajang, and Bentong. Through 12 semi-structured interviews with vocational instructors, this study explores how practical skills can enhance inmates' employability and support their reintegration into society. The findings provide insights into the role of vocational training in addressing post-release challenges such as employment opportunities, ultimately supporting the rehabilitation of inmates and reducing the likelihood of reoffending. 

The study focuses on the experiences of 12 correctional officers from three prisons: Penjara Bentong, Penjara Sungai Udang Melaka, and Penjara Kajang. These officers, comprising 4 males and 8 females, play an important role in facilitating skill development among inmates, with female officers typically instructing in areas like sewing, pastry, and spa-related skills, while male officers focus on carpeting, ferrocement, and epoxy work.

The research highlights the officers' qualifications, with 11 of the 12 holding a Malaysian Skills Certificate (SKM) Level 3, which is equivalent to a diploma, and 10 officers having over five years of experience. This underscores their expertise and their ability to deliver comprehensive vocational training within the prison setting. A central component of this effort is the Sistem Latihan Dual Nasional (SLDN), a dual-training system that combines theoretical instructions with practical work-based learning. Inmates who complete this rigorous program receive recognised skill certifications that enhance their job prospects. More importantly, these certificates do not indicate that the training was conducted in prison, which is a strategic move to protect ex-inmates from social stigma and increase their employment opportunities. One major strength of the prison environment is the structured schedule, which supports consistent attendance and timely completion of training hours. Inmates attend workshops daily, often producing real products for external customers. This not only reinforces skill acquisition but also instils discipline and a sense of responsibility. Examples include producing cookies for the royal household or fulfilling bulk orders for frozen food items.

However, the study also highlights significant limitations. Due to space and resource constraints, only a small fraction of inmates – about 300 out of over 2,000 in one prison – can participate in these programs. The selection process favours inmates with longer sentences and good behaviour. Moreover, both officers and inmates face challenges related to outdated equipment, limited internet access, and a lack of real-time support for problem solving in the workshop environment. Another notable challenge lies in the need for educational scaffolding. With inmates from diverse backgrounds, including some with limited literacy, trainers must adapt their teaching methods accordingly. Officers often find themselves explaining concepts more thoroughly to older or less educated participants. Despite attending a few training courses themselves, some officers express a desire for further upskilling to keep up with the demands and unfamiliar orders.

The study draws on Hubert and Dreyfus’s Theory of Skill Acquisition to frame its findings, illustrating how structured training pathways from novice to proficient levels can be effectively implemented even in restrictive environments like prisons. It also emphasises the importance of mentorship and guidance throughout the learning process, echoing the value of structured support in bridging knowledge gaps and enhancing confidence. Ultimately, vocational training in prisons is not a standalone solution. While it equips inmates with practical skills and formal certifications, broader societal support is essential. The role of industry stakeholders is critical in providing real employment pathways through internships and post-release hiring. Likewise, community organisations can play a key role in mentoring, job readiness programs, and reintegration support. In conclusion, the study affirms the transformative power of vocational education in correctional settings. With structured training, certification, and adequate scaffolding, inmates not only gain marketable skills but also a renewed sense of identity and purpose. However, to maximise the impact of these initiatives, collaborative efforts are needed across correctional institutions, industries, and communities to ensure that the path from prison to productive citizenship is both realistic and achievable.

Dr Siti ‘Atikah Rusli
School of Hospitality and Tourism Management
Email: @email